How Europe Underdeveloped Africa free essay sample

Rodney was born in Guyana, South America in 1 942 where only thirty-eight years later he was assassinated by the Guyana government. Fortunately, Rodney was a bright and driven individual who left behind a great deal of valuable studies. He spent the bulk of his life traveling and was known around the world as an activist and scholar.Rodney studied costly in Jamaica and London but also spent time as a significant activist in the Black Power movement through the Caribbean and North America. Rodney was the author of many books, which explored various areas of Africa but mostly pertaining to Africans history, economy, wars, and government Exposing controversial topics was common work for Rodney. In efforts to help the people of Guyana and other parts of Africa, he worked to uncover the corrupt ways of the government.According to close friends Rodney was aware of the dangers of his work and choice to move back to Guyana but he dad a commitment to the liberation and development of his people. We will write a custom essay sample on How Europe Underdeveloped Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since his death Rodney has continually been remembered through his works and the numerous awards given on his behalf. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa explores several avenues of how Africa was underdeveloped because of Europeans. Rodney aims to present a clear and truthful explanation as to why Africa is less successful than most of the world. Chapter one explains underdevelopment as being an unequal comparison in the social and economic development of countries.To fully understand the following chapters it is necessary to have a clear grasp that Africa was developing but due to restrictions and exploitation from Europe, Africa became underdeveloped in comparison to other countries. From there Rodney explains the history of Africa and the times during the 1 5th century when Africans economy was rapidly growing. He also includes the contribution Africa made to help Europe during the pre-colonial era. Rodney then proposes his main argument that the slave trade and exploitation of Africa by the European powers were the main contributors to Africans underdevelopment. The thesis of this book is that Africa first and foremost holds great responsibility for their development but Europe is who actively exploited Africa in order to prosper from their underdevelopment. Africa has been based on an imperialist system, which is an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship. The imperialist system contributed to the economic hindrance by making it challenging for Africa to produce resources for their continent and by draining the wealth. The economic and power issues present within Africa made it easier for European capitalists to exploit Africa.Capitalists thrive off of ownership and production for profit. Europeans saw Africa as a naive society, thus they took an opportunity to control leadership and the production of goods for a profit through their capitalist background. Accomplices within Africa, Europe and the United States partook in the exploitation and therefore the underdevelopment of Africa. The most significant and brutal contribution of Europe to Africans underdevelopment was the slave trade. Europeans came into Africa and destroyed the culture and communities that were home to African peoples.They took the people, whom were working hard to build Africa, to use for their own good. Many features of European society and economy can be contributed to the slave trade such as shipping, insurance, capitalist agriculture, technology, manufacturing, and trans-national economic links in Europe. Europeans used Africans to help build their economy and eventually build America. As Europe used the slave trade to grow and become a more prosperous country, across the water Africa was falling apart. The slave trade destroyed Africans economic and social system. The most immediate effect was the drastic decline in the African population. A large majority of remaining Africans began to participate in slave hunting as well as gathering other items of trade for the Europeans. The African community was built on family but was abolished through the trade when neighbors, friends, and family sold each other in order to survive. The local agriculture and technologies in Africa were neglected because of the great focus put towards pleasing the Europeans and simply surviving. One of the maximum impacts of the trade and influences from Europeans as the psychological effect it had on Africans.Africans were torn apart as a community and devastated as a race. In order to maintain control of Africans, Europeans suggested that their achievement came from the fact God wanted whites to be successful. Due to cultural and psychological crisis from the abuse of Europeans, Africans and most of the world accept at least part of what Europeans preached. The view that whites are superior causes Africans to doubt themselves, their race, and their country. As a result, Africans were lacking the psychological stamina to overcome the past and find success.The exploitation of Africa grew to a higher degree as Europeans took control of oceanic trade routes, Europeans possessed superior vessels and cannons, which gave them control of the waterways and the control over trade. Africa is naturally a very rich land with mineral wealth and climate suitable for successful agriculture. Unfortunately the wealth produced was not retained in Africa but used for European benefit. Africa was blind to the international trade taking place between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Although in order to transport goods, Europeans used African labor and natural sources.The trading relationship between Africa and Europe is one of unequal exchange and exploitation. As time passed and Europe started to help colonize Africa it was portrayed that triumph would equalize. This however was not the case. The colonial government built roads, schools, hospitals, and the like that were supposed to aid the African community. These services were not what the African community needed at this time. The colonial government came in and set Africa up in the manner they deemed appropriate. Africa needed social services and this was no surprise or unknown.Once Europe began to assist Africa, the white community living in Africa received much of the assistance. It was clear that the poor European settlers wanted to enjoy luxury rise in Africa and with the aid of social services during colonialism they were able to do so. The amenities provided during this time do not represent the relief that Africans received because the majority was given to the white settlers. Well into the 21st century Europe has tried to depict the supposed assistance that they have provided to Africa as a beacon of equality. Unfortunately, all of that as a facade, doing more harm than good.Walter Rodney was a well-versed writer and activist. Rodney gathered extensive research identifying causes and outcomes of historical uproar that took place in Africa. Rodney also used primary sources from Europeans and African documents. He also used secondary sources from other historians throughout both European and African history. I have become a huge fan of Walter Rodney after reading this book. The way that he writes and describes history is easily understandable. He includes important and entertaining detail when explaining a situation.His target audience would be scholars and students, but his work would benefit the general public as well. The book is appropriate for both Africans and Americans alike to grasp an understanding of world history. I also found the text to be disturbing by discovering how mankind can deliberately hold each other back in order to be successful. It is terrifying to realize how corrupt the world is. Overall I enjoyed the book, learned a great deal about European, African, and world history, and would definitely recommend this book in the future. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa free essay sample Details of traditional Igbo government and social structure varied from place to place throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but its characteristic nature remained the same. The basic unit of Igbo life was the village group, and the most universal institution was the role of the family head. This was usually the oldest man of the oldest surviving generation. His role primarily involved settling family disputes, and because he controlled the channel of communication with the all-important ancestors, he commanded great respect and reverence. In some areas the government of chiefs and elders was composed of a governing age grade, in others the council of elders was made up of the oldest members of particular families. Titles played a major part in this society. There was a hierarchy of ascending titles that were to be taken in order, accompanied by an ascending scale of payments. The system acted as a simple form of social security, in that those who acquired titles paid a particular fee, and then were entitled to share in the payments of those who later acquired titles. We will write a custom essay sample on How Europe Underdeveloped Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A series of intense rituals were to be undertaken before acquiring a title, which was considered a symbol of character as well as of success. A titled man’s life was dominated by numerous religious restrictions, and it was expected that these would be strictly adhered to. A few Igbo states, such as Aboh and Onitsha, which had a tradition of origin from elsewhere, were ruled by kings, which were regarded as sacred and lived in ritual seclusion. However, the decisions taken by these kings were by no means final, they were often challenged and overruled by other titled men with whom they were required to consult. In general, however, kingship was an unfamiliar concept to the majority of Igbos. A political institution that was widespread but not universal was that of the age-grade. Each age-grade was responsible for specific areas of community service, and this often promoted rivalry between the groups. This was actually a valuable instrument of social control, in that in order to preserve the good name of their age-group, its members became involved in disciplining and restraining those who tended to cause trouble within the community. Secret societies were also an instrument of social control. Their members would appear at night, masked, in the guise of supernatural beings. Any offenders in the community would be denounced. The anonymity of the members and their supernatural aura meant that this whole performance was taken with great seriousness. Usually, the kinds of decisions that had to be made in traditional Igbo societies were either judicial or connected with relations with other groups. In a judicial case, it was the responsibility of the lineage head to try to settle the matter before bringing it to the elders, who would hear the case in public. A decision that affected the whole town, such as the declaration of war, would generally be put to all the free adult males of the town. The nature of these institutions was extremely flexible for example, a man who had proven his skills at war in the past might be selected to lead the people through this time of crisis, yet would be expected to relinquish this leadership once the time of crisis was past. If the facts of a case were unclear, then in some instances the Igbo would turn to an oracle or to divination. Igboland possessed a regional network of oracles, such as the  Agbala  of Awku, or the  Ibibi Ukpabe  at Arochukwu. These oracles claimed to ascertain the truth of every matter, and were dependent on visitors from every part of Igboland. They rested on deliberate deception and were extremely expensive, far beyond the reach of the poor. However, their good reputation did depend on the fairness of their judgements, which kept their tendency for exploitation in check. Perhaps it was the small scale of their political institutions that made Igboland such a good example of what a democracy should be. Some of the first European visitors to this region were struck by the extent to which democracy was truly practised. A combination of popular participation and real respect for those with ability and experience, led to the smooth running of political institutions. On a smaller scale, Igbo families generally lived in compounds, each a small segment of the village group. The head of the compound was usually the oldest male and within each compound were clusters of huts belonging to different domestic groups. The head of each domestic group is responsible for its members. In Igbo society, seniority by age regulated social placement. Married life was the normal condition for adults, and polygamy for the men was the ideal in fact it acted as an important indication of status. Wives were ranked according to the order in which they married the common husband. Another important feature of Igbo kinship apart from the precedence given to the male, is the idea of seniority by birth. The first male and female children of the domestic group, irrespective of the ranking of their mothers, were given special status, and occupied very important and esponsible social positions in the family. One of the most important distinctions the Igbo make in their status system is that between  Diala  and non-Diala. The  Diala  is a freeborn, a full citizen, whose status at birth is symbolized by the burial of his umbilical cord, preferably at the foot of an oil palm tree. A  Diala  is free to attempt to gain a title, the only barrier to social climbing being the m embership fees that these institutions demand. In contrast, theOhu  was a slave who had very few rights. However, these slaves were more often as not absorbed into the lineage of the master they served, becoming their companions and often marrying their daughters. An  Osu  was a cult-slave; they were a people hated and despised , and to refer to a  Diala  or an  Ohu  as an  Osu  was the gravest of insults. The  Osu  system of slavery originated from the Owerri-Okigwi region. The  Diala  belief is that the  Osu  are descended from a people who, at the recommendation of a diviner, were dedicated to a deity, in order that they may become his servitor. A particular village, lineage or individual that had been experiencing illness or misfortune would â€Å"dedicate† this slave to the deity, in the belief that the slave would then carry out the sins of the dedicator. The  Osu  were feared and hated because they reminded the  Diala  of their guilt. Unlike slaves, they could not be absorbed into their master’s lineage; on the other hand, they were protected by their deity from being sold or killed. The cult-slave status of the  Osu  was legally abolished by the Eastern Nigerian Government in 1956.

Hidden curriculum essay part 2

Hidden curriculum essay part 2 Hidden curriculum essay part 2 Hidden curriculum essay part 2Hidden curriculum essay part  1Moreover, race becomes a socially constructed category because it is not just a biologically constructed attribute, such as a skin color, or a scientific one. Race is associated with biological components such as hair texture and color, facial structure, skin color, etc. Actually, it becomes clear that a social category of race is created by â€Å"reference to the physical features† (Banton, 1998, p. 196). People are born with different biological attributes, different personal characteristics and talent. The process of socialization affects people as the members of society, â€Å"into which they have been born† (Banton, 1998, p. 196). The category of race stands for the category of society members, who are treated unreality because of certain differences in biological construction.In fact, any social category can be viewed as a social construct, because it has been developed from certain form or material ta ken from the environment. Racial distinctions between individuals have always been focused on certain physical characteristics. Besides, racial distinctions are similar to ethnic distinctions, which are based on some common culture and cultural values. According to researchers, â€Å"the members of a racial category may feel themselves to be the members of a group and to share elements of common culture†(Banton, 1998, p. 198). Many researchers state that racial classification depends on the so-called objective assessments that are often made by observers. As a result, racial distinctions lead to the exclusion of people from civil rights.In the United States, racial category is well-defined because many Americans recognize that racial distinctions affect human interaction, dividing people into different racial groups. Race is used as socially constructed category as it lies in the basis of other categories which affect human interaction. However, many people still treat this c ategory as a biological category because of the perceptions of people, which involve a set of physical differences. As a result, any person in human society can be perceived as a member of certain racial category. In other words, it becomes clear that inheritable physical differences of individuals inspire and support social behaviors of individuals, and deal with race as a socially constructed category. The study of race relations helps to better understand the nature of the construction of races, assuming the role of biological and cultural aspects of race. According to Webster, racial classification stands for racial categories that generate certain groups of people â€Å"on the basis of certain selected anatomical features† (Ferber, 1995, p. 168).Thus, it is necessary to conclude that race is not a biological category that involves simple skin color, hair colors and facial construction, but it is a socially constructed category. Race depends on specific social relations t hat contribute to the overall development of human society. Race as a socially constructed category gives a meaning to social construction and leads to racialization of population. Racial agents are constructed as a result of a complex process that is aimed at defining the boundaries between racial groups. Race as a socially constructed category generates and promotes racialized identities. In general, race cannot be viewed as merely a natural category, because it is constructed by individuals and can be reconstructed, depending on certain changes in social perceptions and attitudes. Race is an unstable category because any socially constructed category can be organized differently and perceived differently.

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STRATEGY Coursework Assignment

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STRATEGY Coursework - Assignment Example Financial crisis begun in the USA, spread to Europe and the rest of the world. In the year 2007 to 2009, a deadly financial crisis hit the world (Jones, n.d.). Recession hit several countries such as UK, Spain, USA and Ireland, where the first experiences included raising expenses emanating from the housing. Economists, journalists, and other bodies like countries' governments interpreted the recession widely (Munyo, n.d). According to Fosberg (n.d.), the financial crisis originated from subprime mortgage loans, and debts. These types of finances backed other financial elements deterioration. It extended their problems to other sectors. For example, Bear Stearns announced the initial indicator of financial crisis; two of their subprime hedge funds have translated into worthless assets in a short time (Leeuwen, 2011). Moreover, there was collapsing of the financial market in the USA when the auctioning rates collapsed in 2008. Buyers who failed to bid for securities in the market char acterized it. According to Fosberg (n.d.), recession is a significant decline of economic action occurs in a period ranging from months to years. From the European Commission, there is no specific definition of the term economic activities (Smith, and mendoza, 2011). Instead, the European Commission is comparing the economy movers’ factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Production and Income of the country as per its GDP. This explains the identification of an economy headed to recession (Grenville, 1999). Merrouche and Nier defines recession as a phase of business cycle whereby the overall output in the economic actions like income and employment declines for a period extended for more than 6 months (Munyo, n.d). The financial crisis constricts the business activity and the GDP reduces leading to lowering of the employment chances. Moreover, recessions occur when there is a decline in the state of Gross Net Product for more than half a year. Their definition and m entioning of the measures of the economic crisis is wider than just GDP (Zarebski, and Dimovski, 2012). The occurrence of the financial crisis had several negative impacts on the financial market. For instance, there was a reduction of securities issued by the firm such as the lending organizations (Powell, Nilipornkul, and Allen, 2013). Moreover, the world experienced various effects of the financial structure such as disrupted financial markets, the debt and the equity capital for company expenditure reduced, and severe recession in many countries. In addition, economic recession marked a significant change in the way people spend their income in terms of the pattern and habits followed when spending. The main problem required comprehending and anticipation of the expected new environment with an understanding of consumers’ attitudes and needs (Zarebski, Paul and Dimovski, Bill 2012 percentage). Moreover, the same year was characterized by rising of credits as many of the i nvestment firms that used short term loans to fund their projects were having difficulties tapping the resource for their firm`s growth (Schwellnus, Goujard, and Ahrend, 2012). Before recession, early 2007, the USA was experiencing a growth GDP rate of 3 percent and the rate of unemployment was significantly lower than the current trends. However, indicators outlined that the housing cost fell sharply, at a rate of 9 percent. The credit card companies were reducing by refusing new applications

The relationship between lifelong learning and vocations Essay

The relationship between lifelong learning and vocations - Essay Example A person acquires knowledge even after leaving school and while in employment. The learning needs of people continue increasing with the rising rate of technological advancement. The style of learning is also constantly changing with new inventions. For example, advancement in information technology in the last several decades has generated the need for learning regarding its application in virtually all aspects of life (Forrester 1995). For example, innovative banking systems require bankers to be competent in the use of computers for information storage, while customers are required to understand how to use new banking services such as the Automatic Teller Machine and electronic banking that enhance service delivery. Technology changes occur every year, meaning that for a person to be competent in the workplace or to access important services, he/she has to maintain lifelong learning which does not necessarily have to be undertaken at school or at the workplace. Many governments encourage lifelong learning as a policy response to the constant changes occurring in the modern economic systems. For example, Valsiner (2000) observes that there is a significant shift to a services economy from a manufacturing economy. The conventional institutions that require people to more vigorously in individual management of life have declined in the recent past, while a knowledge economy has materialized. This means that the formal education offered in the early stages of a person’s life may not be sufficient for maintenance of competence in an individual all through his/her life. This realization has made many governments especially in the developed economies to focus on promoting lifelong learning. This is accomplished through encouraging home based schooling whereby individuals acquire knowledge through the informal system, attainment of formal education through adult education, non examinable education in higher institutions of

The Age of Rapid Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

The Age of Rapid Globalization - Essay Example In the developed countries like United States, United Kingdom, and Europe, racial discrimination is still being practiced within the white population. While the world is becoming a global village, it is unfortunate that lack of interest and understanding seem to be creating the greater divide among the people coming from different race, culture, and nationality. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the color of the skin played a major role in the social status. The whites maintained a racial divide within the society through the deliberate use of powerful lobby of the whites and financial advantages that they enjoyed over their less privileged counterparts. The blacks were not allowed to participate in social activities and even education was denied to them so that they would remain unequal socially and economically. In the book ‘I know why the caged birds sing’, the author has given a new meaning to the finishing school and where, according to the protagonist, a young black girl ‘.. white girls learned to waltz†¦.. During the tenth year, a white woman’s kitchen became my finishing school’ (Angelou, p101). Maya Angelou has sensitively portrayed the social paradigm that the whites and the ethnic minority undergo within the same social structure. Richard Wright is yet another writer who has written ab out the plights of the blacks and ethnic minorities with great understanding mainly because he had undergone those harrowing experiences of being a black, especially in a society which was dominated by whites. In ‘The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch’, he says that he was not even allowed to learn because he was told by his white colleagues at work ‘this is a white mans work around here, and you better watch yourself" (Wright, 291). ‘

Human Form Through The History Of Art

Human Form Through The History Of Art Spanning across centuries of art movements, the human form has been depicted and developed in numerous ways. It can be seen that it has been illustrated according to specific ideologies of an era. Also, quite a significant point is looking in the past at the human form and the large amount of times that artists choose to depict it and how they have rendered it. One can look at two periods, the past -where have we been? and the present where are we now? according to the cultural, ideology and time influences on form. In this essay I firstly looked at how the human body has been portrayed, and secondly, the medium used in which to render the painting/ sculpture. Egyptian artists painted in a very simple, 2D manner, using only a set number of colours to depict their form of a human being. All of their appendages, such as hands and feet, are portrayed as flat and front on. Their eyes also appear to be a frontal view instead of the conventional side on view of the eye when looking at the face from the side angle. (Figure 1) These images are perfect examples of an art form that has been influenced by culture and ideology. The Egyptians lived relatively simple lives yet they were a very precision driven race, for example the pyramids. This is reflected in their art. Barry Kemp extensively researched the Egyptian ideologies and culture. In his book called Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation, he argues that ideologies have become one of the shaping processes of the modern times. Kemp stated that it would be appropriate to use the word ideology when referring to the Egyptians vision and use of symbolic terms in their artwork. The Egyptians beli eved that it was of central importance to keep the reflection of a divine order within their lives. (Kemp, 2006: 61) The use of simplistic form and symbols depict their idea of a true representation of a humans form and lifestyle at that time. Greek The Greeks worked in a variety of styles and mediums. From sculpture, to painting, to prints as seen below (Fig 2 3) a similar thread runs through of the Greek ideology. Their appearance is analogous in style to Egyptian art. Both representing 2D forms with very simple, reserved use of colour and no 3D qualities at all. These two examples represent prime facets to the violent Greek lifestyle of war and quarrel forever ending in gruesome death. Although when researching Greek art, it is impossible not to talk about sculpture. The Greeks were known for their sculpture and architecture. The central subject matter in Greek art is the human form and it is displayed in many ways. Static sculpture, such as the example below (Fig 4) (Home School, n.d.) represents the very early form of Greek sculpture. There is no movement in the artwork what so ever; the only difference / variety is the fact that the one leg is put forward. The Greek lifestyle and ideologies at this point in history was vital in the exploration of the human form. The sculptors started to differentiate their works by adding texture and movement. Or Mobile Sculptures: The Greeks believed in resolving issues with violence, as mentioned above. Therefore this was an ideology of their time. Their art no matter how static it appeared always carried connotations of viciousness and passion. This particular sculpture (Fig 5) is a demonstration of pure strength and domination of the male form in the Greek ideology. Every muscle is emphasized and their facial expressions tell a story of their own. Baroque In the Baroque movement there is a complete change to what has already been looked at. Art had evolved into more realistic renderings and the majority of work was completed in paint. The word Baroque has the original meaning of irregular, contorted, grotesque (Janson, 1982: 483). Which when speaking about the movement as a whole, is a largely out-dated explanation. The new style actually originated in Rome during the late 1500s. In Rubens painting, The Union of Earth and Water (Fig 6), it is evident that many, many hours of painting were put in to produce this work. The forms have a soft, gentle shape. The females bodies in this era were always described in the paintings as full and plump but not over-weight in any sense. In more modern terms their bodies would be considered to be shapely. The Ideal woman/ bodily form in this era in terms of the ideology of form was seen as more romantic in observation. It was not seen as in the more modern times of a slender, fit looking woman ideologies of the perfect woman of our time this is how their perfect woman appeared. The conventional way of portraying a human body with the face forward or to the side was challenged and explored by placing a form with his back to the observer. This could indicate deeper connotations of social changes or standards. With the male being the one to turn away, it could indicate his confidence in his own authority. Neo-Classicism Known as one of the first movements to be in the Modern World of universal art movements, Neo-Classicism brought forth new dimensions of the portrayal of the human body. Similarly to Baroque, the figures were rendered mainly in paint, with a more realistic emphasis. However there is one noticeable change in the human form when moving onto the Neo-Classicism era. It is visible that the form has been revised more in terms of muscle shape and the actual realistic shape of the body. For example, the men posed in the painting have very muscular bodies and are standing in a very blatant, upright position; which differs greatly to the style in which the artists portrayed their forms in the previous movement. Every muscle is defined and emphasized; every proportion is correct; nothing is removed from the composition and their forms are depicted in a very realistic manner. Looking also at the women in the background, it is apparent too that their shape and form is much more refined and calcul ated. This movement is described as a new revival of classical antiquity (or ancient) (Janson, 1982: 557). This movement spanned over a near century in length. A good example to illustrate this movement is Davids painting, The Oath of Horatti. (Fig 7) Impressionism is the next period towards the present. The term Impression means (in painting) to make a mark with paint to give the idea (impression) of something. It does not mean that the observer can see the exact object it is a suggestion using colour through emotion. In the case of the artwork below (Fig , lighter shades of the same colour are almost dotted on to the canvas to give the effect of dappled shade. The impression of shade is evident. Scenes from the world of entertainment (Janson, 1982: 608) such as dancing halls, side cafà ©s, concerts and the theatre were the main subject choice of the impressionist painters. To look at a good example of form and its depiction in this movement, The Tub by the impressionist artist, Degas (Fig 10), is a great instance. A woman is bathing in a round bath tub. As the subject in the painting, her body utilizes the majority of the space. The brush strokes are quite harsh and quick, in a way that just by looking at the image they are clearly seen. This in turn causes a hazy, or out of focus effect to the painting. Even through this however, the observer can clearly see her form. Her shoulder bone is distinct causing a line of shadow on her back. Her ribs can too be seen from the way that she is bent over they are easily exposed under a persons skin. The harshness of the brush strokes in a way emphasizes her form. The use of light and dark (chiaroscuro) has the same effect. Although, when compared to Davids Oath of Horatti (Fig 7), there is a great difference in the way in which the artist painted. The Neo-Classicist work expresses static definition, where as in The Tub (Fig 10) more of an impression of the emotion of the painter (and subject) are conveyed through the rough brushstrokes and colour use. Moving on from paintings and routine sculptures comes the reasonably broad movement of Modernism/ 20th Century painting and sculpture. There are thousands of examples of a modernistic artwork. It has been debated whether or not this was a turning point in how and what artists considered art. Research in this topic shows a definite turning point in one artists work. Anthony Gormley is his name. The image below is of one of his most famous works, a human being lying on the ground in the foetal position on his/her back. Constructed in small, rectangular, metal blocks put together in such a way as to take on / imply the human form. In a way the figure looks almost lost and out of place, on what looks like a sidewalk. The fascinating fete about Gormleys work is that even though it is highly unrealistic, it is too perfectly realistic at the same time in that you can see all the essential details of human form. This of course refers to a more simplistic approach of the interpretation of the body, which in turn could speak about how the form was perceived and/or appreciated in this time. At this stage the depiction of the human form was already moving at a steady pace towards unrealistic simplicity. The movement of Cubism followed shortly after Modernism and materials being used, in fact, completely differed to that of most modernistic works. Picasso, being one of the most famous artists of all history for his cubist works, painted the human form countless times. This particular painting of his is a picture-perfect example of a cubist artwork. The woman is barely capable of being observed properly. The true form in this case as in most artworks of this movement has been lost and only shape (2D) is left behind. The completely angular rendering of the undeveloped figure again hints towards the use of more and more simplicity and basic form in artworks. Most of Picassos cubist works were painted around 1908 1910 (Janson, 1982). This was therefore a few short years before World War 1 began in the summer of 1914 (Janson, 1982). If one looks at the history, there was much tension and social upheaval evident. This was a turning point that changed artists views and opinions which only continued changing due to World War 2. Lastly, the final movement being discussed is the Pop Art movement. A lot of Pop Art pieces were done by the method of silk-screening. This places layers of different colour onto the page to obtain a bright, cartoon-like image. Nowadays you can see them in almost all comic strips for example. It is clear that the human form appears entirely two dimensional for the majority of the time (Fig 14). In (Fig 13) however a rare occasion of tonal value is evident. The form also only appears by itself, with no detailed background, focusing all of the observers attention on the subject. Subsequently, the depiction of the human body has developed and changed. This was due to the ever changing influence of specific ideologies current in each time period. By looking through all the movements mentioned above, there is evidence to state that even though there has been development artworks have gone back to their original state. There has been a loop of progress, yet we still arrive at the same conclusion. In early times before Christ, artworks and sculpture consisted of only necessary form. Now, in the present day, there is the same result.

Interpersonal needs

My dominate interpersonal need is inclusion. This is defined by Scouts as â€Å"the need to maintain a satisfactory relationship with respect to interaction and association† (Scouts, 1956 p. 19). I interact with my family and friends to meet my interpersonal need of inclusion. When I take my son to the beach, I usually call my sister or friend. I invite them to come with us. During the holidays, I attend several events. Weather the activity is at school, with family members or a community event, I love to Join in the festivities. Sometimes I come home and my husband is watching a movie with our boys.I drop my backpack and Join them on the couch. We share some popcorn, and a few laughs as we enjoy the movie for the seventeenth time. I am a member of a couple support groups online. One group is for mothers of children with autism. The other group is for families affected by Spinal Muscular Atrophy. These support groups have been very fulfilling for me as a mother. Having childre n with special needs can be very isolating. In these support groups, I am able to reach out to people in similar situations. We share advice. We cheer each other on, and cry together too. I am grateful to be associated with these support groups.I feel satisfied that my dominate interpersonal need is being fulfilled. I am surrounded by loving, and caring individuals. I feel am very fortunate in this aspect. My dominate interpersonal need of inclusion, helps me maintain close relationships with important people in my life. This need hinders me as well. I often become overwhelmed. I tend to spread myself too thin. It is hard to find a balance, between family, friends, work and school. In order to avoid this overexertion, I need to become more organized. I need to maintain a schedule, and try not to be too many places at once.