Sex and Sexuality in Dracula Essay -- European Literature Bram Stoker

Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, published in 1897, explores various sexual erotic possibilities in the vampire's embrace, as discussed by Leonard Wolf. The novel confronts Victorian fears of homosexuality; that were current at the time due to the trial of playwright Oscar Wilde. The vampire's embrace could also be interpreted as an illustration of Victorian fears of the changing role of women. Therefore it is important to consider: the historical context of the novel; the Victorian notion of the `New Woman' specifically the character of Lucy Westenra; the inversion of gender roles; notions of sexuality; and the emasculation of men, by lessening their power over women; in the novel Dracula. In doing this I will be able to explore the effects of the vampire's embrace in depth, and achieve a wider understanding of the variety of erotic undercurrents Stoker incorporated into the novel. Stoker was born in Ireland in 1847, and later he graduated from Trinity College in 1867, and joined the civil service. While working, as a freelance journalist and drama critic enabled him to meet Henry Irving and entered London's literary circles, which included figures such as Arthur Conan Doyle and Oscar Wilde. In the course of Irving's tours he also had the chance to travel around the world. Stoker later married Florence Balcome, who had previously had a romantic affair with Oscar Wilde. In my opinnion Stoker could not fail to be infuleced by these people while he was writing Dracula. In Dracula, Stoker relied greatly upon the conventions of Gothic fiction. Traditionally gothic elements such as dark and sublime settings, and the innocent threatened by the ineffable evil obviously feature in Dracula. Stoker modernises his novel by bringing the set... ...toker, B. (1994) Dracula, Penguin Classics, London. Weissman, J. (1988) Dracula as a Victorian Novel in Dracula: The Vampire and the Critics, UMI Press. Wolf, L. (1993) The essential Dracula, Byron Preiss. Wolf, L. (1972) A Dream of Dracula: In Search of the Living Dead, Popular Library, New York. (1997) Oscar Wilde [internet] can be found at http://www.neuroticpoets.com/wilde/ [accessed 10-11-2005] (2000) Clash of Cultures: The New Woman [internet] can be found at http://history.osu.edu/Projects/Clash/NewWoman/newwomen-page1.htm [accessed on 10-11-2005] (1997) Thor [internet] can be found at http://www.pantheon.org/articles/t/thor.html [accessed on 10-11-2005]

Brief History of the English Language

Brief History of the English Language OLD ENGLISH 5th Century —three Germanic tribes —-the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes arrived in the British Isles. The Angles were named from ENGLE, their land of origin. Their language was called ENGLISC from which the word, English is derived. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes became known as the Anglo-Saxons. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes became known as the Anglo-Saxons. Some words such as church, bishop, baptism, monk, eucharis, and presbyter came indirectly through Latin and Greek.The VIKINGS, also known as Norsemen, invaded England by the 8th century , which in turn, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence. MIDDLE ENGLISH When William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded England, he became its king. French became the language of the court, administration, and culture. It was the language used in schools. The English language became mostly the language of the uneducated classes and was considered a vulgar tongue. Similar article: Failure in English LanguageMost of the English words rooted in French are words that have something to do with power, such as crown, castle, parliament, army, mansion, gown, banquet, art, poet, romance, duke, servant, peasant, traitor, and governor. MODERN ENGLISH Modern English developed after Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in Germany around 1450 and William Caxton established England’s first printing press at Westminster abbey in 1476.Printing also brought standardization of English. Between the 18th to 20th centuries, the English language continued to change as the British Empire moved across the world—- to the USA, Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia, and Africa. American and British variants are the INTERNATIONALLY accepted variants of the English language. Differences of AE and BE Spelling center—– centre program— programme color—— colour

The Major Differences Between the North and South Essay

1. Economic and social differences between the North and the South. With Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable. This machine was able to reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton. However, at the same time the increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton meant the greater need for a large amount of cheap labor, i.e. slaves. Thus, the southern economy became a one crop economy, depending on cotton and therefore on slavery. On the other hand, the northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture. In fact, the northern industries were purchasing the raw cotton and turning it into finished goods. This disparity between the two set up a†¦show more content†¦The federal government denied states this right. However, proponents such as John C. Calhoun fought vehemently for nullification. When nullification would not work and states felt that they were no longer respected, they moved towards secession. 3. The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents. As America began to expand, first with the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase and later with the Mexican War, the question of whether new states admitted to the union would be slave or free. The Missouri Compromise passed in 1820 made a rule that prohibited slavery in states from the former Louisiana Purchase the latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes north except in Missouri. During the Mexican War, conflict started about what would happen with the new territories that the US expected to gain upon victory. David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso in 1846 which would ban slavery in the new lands. However, this was shot down to much debate. The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between slave and free states, northern and southern interests. One of the provisions was the fugitive slave act that was discussed in number one above. Another issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free or slave. The real issue occurred in Kansas where proslavery MissouriansShow MoreRelatedThe Major Differences in the Colonization of North and South America between the French, Spanish and English and Subsequent Civil Rights.2019 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Major Differences in the Colonization of North and South America between the French, Spanish and English and Subsequent Civil Rights. The Major Differences in the Colonization of North and South America between the French, Spanish and English and Subsequent Civil Rights. Even in the twenty first century North America, the United States and Canada in particular, is viewed as a bountiful land with rich resources and numerous civil liberties that have inspired differentRead MoreBetween 1820 and 1860 there were a few fundamental differences between the economies of the North and South. How far do you agree?1043 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Between 1820 and 1860 there were a few fundamental differences between the economies of the North and South. How far do you agree? Between 1820 and 1860 there were problems in America that resulted in the civil war in 1861, the economy affected the North and South during the civil war, and some major differences helped win the civil war. However this does not mean that the economy had many fundamental differences. For example the methods of earning money were different, but overall both earnedRead MoreThe Between North And South1641 Words   |  7 Pageschanging. 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The North and South in the United States did have many differences between each other, but they eventually came together as a united country. The Industry was booming in the North and this madeRead MoreSocial Differences Of The Korean War And Vietnam War826 Words   |  4 Pageseveryone were to get along and agree on social differences, but in the end these differences are the root cause of many wars. These two major wars, the Korean War and the Vietnam War, not only had serious impact within the country, but also give a prime example of how similar and different between the two. Both wars were commenced similarly from its conflict with expansion of a communist government and the involvement of the United States. Differences came from the involvement of the United NationRead MoreUS Sectionalism Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesFrom colonial times there were differences in geography that gave rise to variations in culture and economy in the United States. Due to the differing characteristics, a sectional economy molded the United States into two distinct regions: the north and the south. The north, a commercial society, wh ich supported industry and commerce while the south, an agrarian civilization, flourished in the production of raw materials with use of slaves. The two economies were both self-supporting and capableRead MoreFrederick Douglass : The Cause Of The American Civil War998 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican politics, the cause of the Civil War was rooted in social, political and economic disagreements. One of the contributing factors which led to the Civil War were the social disputes between the North and the South. The morality of the issue of slavery was one which was highly debated. The North found that slavery was immoral and should be abolished. Frederick Douglass, a former slave, in his speech on â€Å"The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,† holds little back and criticizes the happeningRead MoreHow Accurate Was the Term Era of Good Feelings in the United States Following the War of 1812?968 Words   |  4 Pagesindicates a difference in the economic, social and political stances of regions such as the North and the South, and the â€Å"era of good feelings† continued to simply widen that gap. Economically, the United States was experiencing growth. But looking further into sectionalism, there are two completely different growths present in the northern United States and the Southern United States. In the north, following the war of 1812, a rapid expansion occurred in the industry of the north. TechnologicalRead MoreSlavery And The American Civil War1125 Words   |  5 Pagesslavery has been the sole cause of the American Civil War. 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While the North had

Differences Between The Success Rate Of Drug Courts

Annotated Outline Research Question: Are there gender differences in the success rate of drug courts? A. History of Drug Courts 1. Brief history of drug courts 2. Where was the first drug court? 3. Explain drug court model 4. Who is eligible for drug court treatment? 5. What happens after successful completion of drug courts 6. Penalties for drug court failure. B. Drug Addictions 1. Are there gender differences in drug addiction? 2. What causes female drug addiction/dependency? 3. What causes male drug addiction/dependency? C. Drug Court Recidivism Rates 1. Female drug offender’s recidivism. 2. Male drug offender’s recidivism. 3. Point out any gender differences that exist? Anabel Rodriguez CJ331-12 October 19, 2014 Literature Review In 1989, the first drug court came into existence in Miami-Dade County, Florida. They emerged in response to demands for change in the criminal justice system because of the War on Drug. (Listwan, Sundt, Holsinger, Latessa, 2003) By 2007, drug courts were established in all 50 states. Statistics show that the prison population of women increased because of the War on drug policies. (Shaffer, Hartman, Listwan, 2009) The drug court model became an alternative to sanctions given to drug offenders. Drug courts address addiction by merging treatment services, judicial monitoring, and probation supervision. (King Pasquarella, 2009; NADCP, 2005; Shaffer, Hartman, Listwan, 2009) There are two kinds of drug court models. The firstShow MoreRelatedComparison of Drug Courts or Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Battle Cocaine Addiction1496 Words   |  6 Pagesthe differences between the effectiveness of drug courts and cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine addicts. We know that all people r espond differently to therapy than others do, but it is good to be able to find the effectiveness and success rate of cognitive-behavioral therapy, and drug courts overall. But before we jump into the effectiveness of CBT, we need to know what the goal of CBT is and what the process is for CBT. Not only do we need to know the effectiveness and success rates of theseRead MoreMaking A New Type Of Social Justice System863 Words   |  4 PagesForemost, specialty court intervention provides a chance for social workers to promote a new type of social justice. Therapeutic justice principles not only focus on treatment services for criminal offenders, but it also includes promoting autonomy, emphasizing non-paternalism, a volitional choice to change unwanted behavior, and recognizing procedural and distributive justice (Redlich Han, 2014). Promoting therapeutic justice will help fight against the social injustices embedded within the criminalRead MoreEvaluation Of A Juvenile Drug Court P rogram1515 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy will be reviewed. The article is an evaluation of a Juvenile Drug Court Program in Lexington, Kentucky. 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The goal of these courts is to better address the individual’sRead MoreInequality and Redistribution1384 Words   |  5 Pagesproblems for both United States citizens and its economy. The inequality difference is continually getting larger and worsening these problems. Over the past three decades America’s economy has seen continuous growth; but this is accompanied with no increase in purchasing power for poor and middle class citizens. On the other hand, incomes of the richest Americans have dramatically increased, which only furthers the gap between social classes. In 2008, the top one percent of Americans earned overRead MoreThe Japanese Criminal Justice System1203 Words   |  5 PagesFor some time now, the Japanese criminal justice system has been regarded or perceived to be a successful justice system model. The success is mainly attributed to Japan’s culture and even embedded in the language itself (Goold, 2004). The success has drawn interest among criminology scholars and practitioners either for the purpose of broadening their knowledge or to emulate its criminal justice system (Ebbe, 2000). The interest is based on statistical data that indicate low levels of criminalityRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effect On Crime1610 Words   |  7 PagesCrime and drug use in Portugal has been a major issue, however after the government instated decriminalization, the number has decreased. Decriminalization appears to have had a slight positive effect on crime. â€Å"With its recategorization of low level drug possession as an administrative rather than a criminal offence, decriminalization inevitably produced a reduction in the number of people arrested and sent to criminal court for drug offences from over 14,000 in the year 2000, to around 5,500-6Read MoreCompassion Impacts Wayward Youth1619 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile court systems developed in Chicago based on the patriarchal premise that a tough compassionate judge could impact the lives of wayward youths. However, politicians changed this with â€Å"tough on crime† policies for election. Many juvenile criminals became labeled as â€Å"superpredators† and were thus deemed beyond any help and were tried as adults. Fortunately, not everyone in the criminal system believes that juvenile criminals are beyond help. Some of the people that believe that there isRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : The United States1458 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior, juvenile delinquency requires high levels of public policy and media attention from professionals located within multiple disciplines in social work, psychology, law and criminal justice. Teenagers being tried as adults have grown in an alarming rate and in some cases, juvenile defendants are as young as twelve and thirteen. This issue raised concern from youth advocate groups on the assumption that our juvenile justice system is failing to accomplish what they are supposed to do, which is to protectRead MoreShould Capital Punishment Be Allowed?1376 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be permitted, its success on reflecting a deterrent effect, and even its morality. Although it is often argued that Capital punishment is appropriate when the crime reaches an egregious extent, the revocatio n of constitutional securities, discrimination within race and income status, as well as the insufficiency to achieve a deterrent effect prevail over the validation of society’s ultimate punishment–the death penalty. In Wilkinson v. Utah (1879), the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment

The Chronic Conditions Breast Cancer and High Blood Pressure

A few of the chronic health conditions that occur in my family are breast cancer and high blood pressure. My great grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer later in her life, this was a while ago so she did not receive the type of treatment needed. One reason being that in that time period you needed to catch it early on for them to do much with it, and the second reason being that she caught it too late. Breast Cancer is not something that she overcame, since her diagnosis no one else in the family has been diagnosed. My grandmother is getting close to the age where most women are diagnosed but it is not something that has occurred since then. High blood pressure, on the other hand, is something very common in my family. My dad,†¦show more content†¦I still have more doctors appointments ahead of me to make sure that it is a benign tumor, meaning cancer less, and there will be further questions as to if this is something that could raise my chances of getting breas t cancer in the future. I was reading an article titled Breast Cancer: Predicting Individual Risk, it is written about a doctor at the mayo clinic in Rochester, MN. He is widely regarded as the one of the international leaders in the genomics of breast cancer. He says, Two women with the same high-risk mutation in a breast cancer gene- and thus the same sixty-five percent lifetime risk of breast cancer- could, in fact, have very different outcomes. Depending on how the other 20,000 odd-genes in her genome might be acting in the background, one woman may develop breast cancer at an earlier age, and the other might not even get it (p. 1-2). He is studying to give women the best information on their genes as possible. Doctors are learning way more about this disease than other doctors in the past which is in return helping woman of all ethnicities with their road to recovery and healing processes. Young states, According to the American Cancer Society about 230,500 women in the U nited States have been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer this year. Nearly 40,000 women are expected to die from this cancer this year. Only lung cancer causes more cancer deaths in women (Young, 2011, p. 1). That is still a big number of women that doShow MoreRelatedCauses and Effects of Alcohal Abuse1150 Words   |  5 Pagesalcohol drunk passes through the liver and must be metabolized, high-dose and chronic drinking inevitably affect this crucial organ. Approximately 10% to 35% of heavy drinkers develop alcoholic hepatitis while 10% to 20% develop cirrhosis (Fishman, 2005). Alcoholic hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver, areas of fibrosis, necrosis, and damaged membranes. It can take months or years of heavy drinking to develop this condition. The way to prevent this is abstinence from alcohol. Even thenRead MoreTaking a Look at Green Tea1542 Words   |  6 Pagesvariety of forms from teas to liquid and pills. This herb has been used throughout time to treat a variety of illnesses. According to multiple sources there are a variety of health benefits that green tea has on the body. From burning fat to curing cancers, green tea is hailed by many to have a positive impact on anyone who uses it. When looking in any magazine or TV show there is typically someone saying the health benefits of green tea. Everyone is on the green tea bandwagon, from Starbucks to SnappleRead MoreThe Cardiovascular System Of The Heart And Blood Vessels1668 Words   |  7 Pages [The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to circulate blood throughout the body. The cardiovascular system transports gasses, nutrients, and wastes. Also, the cardiovascular system protects the body against infection, regulates temperature, and helps maintain fluid balance within the body.] [Cardiovascular disease is a range of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Examples of CVD are an arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart disease.] [Tobacco use increases the riskRead Moreevaluate the effectiveness of health and social care practitioners and agencies working together to deliver the care pathway for one of the chosen physiological disorders3153 Words   |  13 Pages Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary hypertension is a lung disorder. The arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs become narrowed, making it very hard for the blood to get through the vessels, this then causes the pressure in the arteries to increase more than usual (high blood pressure). Scientists think that the procedure starts with injury to the layer of cells that line the small blood vessels of the lungs. This injury, which occurs for unknown reasons, may cause changes in theRead MoreA Brief Note On Obesity And Saudi Society Essay943 Words   |  4 Pageshealth. obese people will be at a greater risk of developing chronic conditions that compromise their general health and may even result in premature death. Socio-economic problems related to the condition are also common. These can range from aches-and-pains that lead to lose valuable work-time to psychological concerns including low self-esteem. Obesity is thus considered one of the world s most prevalent, chronic and disabling condition s. [ This problem, although not unique to Saudi Arabia, is aRead MoreUnmet Challenges Of Unmet Health Needs1147 Words   |  5 Pagesrooms for true emergencies. Cardiovascular Heart Disease Heart disease and stoke is the leading cause of death in Alpena, Michigan (Michigan Department of Community Health, 2014a). There are three risk factors associated with heart disease: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015b). According to the Michigan Department of Community Health, Alpena has a mortality rate of 274.5 per 100,000 in comparison to the national average of 167 per 100Read MoreChronic Diseases Are Long Lasting Disease1550 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Chronic diseases are long lasting disease. Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity and arthritis are the most common and preventable health problems. These diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or medication, nor do they disappear, but they can be prevented by having a healthy lifestyle since some of the major contributors are tobacco use, lack of physical activity, and bad eating habits. Cardiovascular disease is leading cause ofRead MoreInformation About Cancer Symptoms, By Brijesh Ghelani Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesInformation About Cancer Symptoms By Brijesh Ghelani | Submitted On January 13, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Brijesh Ghelani The term cancer often sends a chill running as it isRead MoreShould Screening Tests Before Your Next Doctor s Appointment !796 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily doctor routinely for check ups and screening for chronic health problems. With so much information in the news about obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes it can be scary for a patient to go to the doctor and potentially face hearing a diagnosis like this. The good news is that if you start early in life and try to stick to health eating and exercise habits you decrease your risk of being diagnosed with a chronic health condition. In addition, having the right screening tests are alsoRead MoreThe Health of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders1423 Words   |  6 Pagesmembers of other racial and ethnic groups. NHPI have lower death rates from heart disease, HIV/AIDS and cancer compared to members of other racial and ethnic groups,2 but they have higher mortality rates for certain types of cancer such as stomach and liv er. 3 NHPI adults are less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to have a chronic condition (29% vs. 45%), and prevalence rates for any chronic condition are lower in all groups (less than 29%). Across the U.S., the health insurance coverage rate for NHIP

Benefits of Digital Technology-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the how law firms could successfully utilise Digital Technology in their Workplace to provide Benefits to their Employees and Clients. Answer: With the advent of technology, while digital tools have become an integral aspect of the life of every individual, digital innovation has also invaded the large law firms as well as different in-house legal departments. With increased online presence of lawyers as well as clients, it has become easier for the lawyers to create technology-based solutions that not only helps in driving down the client costs, but also helps in enhancing the effectiveness of legal services. Some of the law firms have been executing all its functions with the help of technology and employs the effective use of technology in a wide variety of practice areas such as litigation, intellectual property and transactional works (Bharadwaj et al. 2013). Nowadays, a person seeking legal help does not literally require to go out in search of an efficient lawyer, as he can gain access to effective legal help from reputed law firms, via his tablets and smart phones. While it has become easy for clients to get profess ional legal help as and when required, it has become even easier for the lawyers to offer comprehensive solution to legal problems via online platforms. However, despite the multiple benefits, it is nevertheless a bad news that as per research reports, half of the total employment opportunities available all over the world, is predicted to get destroyed because of the invasion of technology. With the rise of digital technology in professional domains, the chance of unemployment has also increased at a steady rate. Yet nevertheless, the benefits of the digital technology can never be undermined. In this connection, it is important to state how present research reports suggest that 88% of the companies have already provided digital tools to its employees while 90% of the organizations have exhibited their willingness to invest in technology that can ensure smooth and cost-effective operation of the business activities (Rabinovich and Katsh 2014). In order to review digital information sources, for reliability and credibility, the law firms should have strict Human Resource policies whereby a selected personnel should be entrusted with the duty of preserving digital records. It is also important to institutionalize these digital contents so as to ensure complete periodic updates of each digital content review results. Since digital information is a continually evolving field, it is important to review the latest trends by researching about the latest innovation in cloud computing, conducting survey on the rival companies to know which latest technology they are using for data management (Barrett et al. 2015). Reference List: Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Rabinovich-Einy, O. and Katsh, E., 2014. Digital Justice: Reshaping Boundaries in an Online Dispute Resolution Environment.IJODR,1, p.5. Hansen, H.K. and Flyverbom, M., 2015. The politics of transparency and the calibration of knowledge in the digital age.Organization,22(6), pp.872-889. Barrett, M., Davidson, E., Prabhu, J. and Vargo, S.L., 2015. Service innovation in the digital age: key contributions and future directions.MIS quarterly,39(1), pp.135-154.

The Story of Christian Music

1. Wilson-Dickinson. Despite the short 150 years of European Christian missions in Africa, a dramatic increase has been witnessed in the numbers of population converted to Christian religion (Wilson-Dickson, p. 170). Such achievements have been made possible by integrating European Christian procedures into the everyday activities of the locals. A key factor in African lifestyle, music accompanies nearly every daily routine of African people. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of Christian Music specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Incorporating African elements into European religious music is beneficial to corporate worship since the latter becomes more understandable for people (Wilson-Dickson, p. 171-172). For example, a 1956 hymn-book Africa Praise features African songs to English words that help narrow the gap between the two cultures. Striving to incorporate African and European elements into the litu rgy, missionaries encounter a whole range of difficulties, from linguistic to material ones. Successful efforts at uniting the best from the two musical traditions have been undertaken by Harcourt Whyte (Wilson-Dickson, p. 175). Adoption of a new tolerant attitude to African music and its incorporation into European liturgical practices has helped to make African people more aware of Christian values. As Pope Paul VI remarked, Africans no longer need European missionaries and can become missionaries to themselves since the new style of worship allows them to discover Christianity in harmony with their traditional culture (Wilson-Dickson, p. 176). With the introduction of Christianity to African people, there has emerged a variety of independent churches that, although based on the teaching of Bible, stay close to local customs in their religious practices. They emphasize spontaneity and improvisation in worship, appealing to the rhythmical and emotional side of human nature. A powe rful sense of participation is achieved which brings unity and peace to the congregation (Wilson-Dickson, pp. 178-179). 2. Roberts. According to a recent survey, one of the biggest challenges for a church musician is handling the diversity of different music styles during the community service (Roberts, p. 45). Educated in classical traditions, professional musicians often reject popular or ethnic music as improper for worship. Having dedicated decades of their lives to careful study of the most intricate and refined masterpieces of the world’s classical music, such musicians feel that the very core of their beings is threatened by popular religious songs, or PRS, since they seem too primitive compared to classical works (Roberts, pp. 48, 51-52).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Along with understanding the aforementioned position, it may appear reasonable not to dismiss P RS from church musical practice. According to a concentric model of created by Edward Schillebeeckx, there exist three layers of culture depending on the time span. The outer circle represents transient or â€Å"ephemeral history†, the middle is more regular or â€Å"conjectural history†, and the smallest inner circle is permanent â€Å"structural history† (Roberts, pp. 47-49). In each of those circles, certain works of music exist, either disappearing with the course of time or remaining for the next circle. Therefore, without letting a musical piece into the first two circles, it is impossible to check its value for the last, permanent circle. For this reason the seemingly ephemeral PRS are not to be easily abandoned. Performing various musical styles in church can sufficiently enrich the professional musicians’ experience and broaden the repertoire of the congregations (Roberts, pp. 56-57). Moreover, variety in church music attracts different nationali ties and cultures and promotes understanding among the believers (Roberts, p. 58). Successful examples of open-mindedness in church music are seen in performing so-called â€Å"world music† and simple folk style songs that unite people in peaceful meditation and help avoid division and conflict (Roberts, pp. 57-63). Works Cited Roberts, William B. (2009). Music and Vital Congregations: A Practical Guide for Clergy. New York: Church Publishing. Wilson-Dickson, Andrew. (1992). The Story of Christian Music. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. This essay on The Story of Christian Music was written and submitted by user Ryder Armstrong to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.